Comprehensive review of mechanisms of pathogenesis involved in Alzheimer’s disease and potential therapeutic strategies. Sharma P., Srivastava P., Seth A., Tripathi P. The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010. The cellular phase of Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease: past, present and future. Kumar A., Singh A., Ekavali A review on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology and its management: an update. In conclusion, our results indicated that HPTQ improved cognition and ameliorated neuronal damage in AD models and implicated a reduction in tau phosphorylation caused by inhibition of the CaM-CaMKIV pathway as a possible mechanism.
We also demonstrated that HPTQ significantly decreased the mRNA levels of CaM, CaMKK, CaMKIV, and tau and significantly decreased the protein expressions of CaM, CaMKK, p-CaMKIV, and p-tau. Furthermore, in vitro results showed that HPTQ significantly increased cell viability in the AD cell model. In vivo, we revealed that HPTQ significantly improved learning and memory deficits and attenuated neuronal damage in the AD rat model.
Additionally, mRNA levels of CaM, CaMKK, CaMKIV, and tau were examined using qRT-PCR, and protein expression of CaM, CaMKK, p-CaMKIV, and p-tau were examined using western blot. For the in vitro experiments, rat primary hippocampal neurons were cultured and cell viability was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence methods were then used to investigate neuronal damage. Since the ceding of these territories (Hong Kong from Britain and Macau from Portugal) to the People's Republic of China, p tng hu has been used as the language of communication between the territories and the PRC. For the in vivo study, after HPTQ intervention, the Morris water maze test was used to examine learning and memory in rats. Cantonese is the official language of both Hong Kong and Macau and is the language spoken by the majority of the population.
In the present study, we used AD models in vivo and in vitro, to investigate both the neuroprotective effect of HPTQ water extracts (HPTQ-W) and the potential mechanisms of this action. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of HPTQ in AD have not yet been investigated. Huang-Pu-Tong-Qiao (HPTQ), a formula from traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in the clinical treatment of AD for many years, with remarkable effects. It is a chronic, lethal disease in which brain function is severely impaired and neuronal damage is irreversible. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease.
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